Europe 1810: Annexation of the Hanse

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Political map of Europe & the Mediterranean on 13 Dec 1810 (Napoleonic Wars: Annexation of the Hanse), showing the following events: Capture of Sukhumi; Charles XIV John; Murat’s invasion of Sicily; Battle of Bussaco; Lines of Torres Vedras; Annexation of Rhodanic Republic; Anglo-Swedish War; Annexation of the Hanse.
Spanish

late  6AD
Sep  9AD
16AD
18AD
26AD
36AD
23 Jan 41AD
Aug 43AD
47AD
sum 49AD
early 54AD
sum 59AD
60/61AD
fall 62AD
Oct 66AD
7 Jun 68AD
14 Jan 69AD
14 Apr 69AD
15 Jul 69AD
24 Oct 69AD
16 Dec 69AD
14 Apr 70AD
15 Apr 74AD
24 Oct 79AD
sum 84AD
sum 88AD
18 Sep 96AD
sum  102
8 Aug  106
sum  107
fall  113
fall  114
14 Oct  115
Sep  116
10 Aug  117
sum  122
late  132
spr  142
fall  161
spr  166
Aug  170
3 May  175
16 Mar  180
30 Dec  192
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19 Feb  197
28 Jan  198
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sum  210
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sum  216
8 Jun  218
28 Apr  224
6 Apr  227
fall  232
fall  235
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sum  242
11 Feb  244
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spr  254
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late  258
mid  260
11 Sep  260
spr  261
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268/ 269
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1 Mar  293
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c. 302
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28 Oct  306
fall  307
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28 Oct  312
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18 Sep  324
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late  332
sum  336
9 Sep  337
Apr  340
sum  346
18 Jan  350
3 Jun  350
28 Sep  351
3 Jul  353
11 Aug  355
24 Jun  356
sum  357
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29 May  363
11 Jul  363
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1 Nov  365
Jun  366
24 Aug  367
sum  368
27 Aug  369
spr  371
early  373
sum  374
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spr  378
9 Aug  378
19 Jan  379
3 Oct  382
25 Aug  383
early  387
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19 Oct  439
sum  440
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fall  447
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25 Aug  450
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fall  452
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sum  454
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To crack down on increasing British trade in the Baltic, Napoleon annexed the ports of northern Germany to the French Empire in December 1810. This action greatly antagonized the Russian imperial family, which was linked to the rulers of Oldenburg—one of the annexed states—by marriage.

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Main Events

21–23 Jul 1810 Capture of Sukhumi ▲

In early 1810 Russia recognized Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze, youngest son of the former ruler Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Shervashidze, as ruler of the Principality of Abkhazia, an Ottoman vassal state. That July a squadron of the Russian Black Sea Fleet attacked Sukhumi, Abkhazia’s capital and main port, in support of Sefer Ali-Bey and expelled the Ottoman garrison. The Russian then established a protectorate over Abkhazia, thereby cementing their control over all Georgia. in wikipedia

21 Aug 1810 Charles XIV John ▲

As the successor of King Charles XIII of Sweden was already 61, sickly, and childless, the Swedes sought a new successor, preferably someone favored by Napoleon. In August 1810 the Swedish government and Napoleon both agreed that the French general Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte should be the Crown Prince of Sweden and in November he was formally adopted by the king under the name Charles John (Karl Johan). The new Crown Prince immediately placed his loyalty to his new homeland over that of France and quickly became the most popular and powerful person in Sweden. in wikipedia

17–18 Sep 1810 Murat’s invasion of Sicily ▲

In September 1810—exploiting winds that had driven patrolling British warships into port—Joachim Murat, Napoleon’s King of Naples, ordered 3,500 Neapolitan troops to cross the Strait of Messina and land in Sicily. However, General Grenier refused to support this expedition with his 8,000 French troops, stating that he would not act without direct imperial orders. The invasion almost immediately turned into a fiasco when the British 21st Foot arrived on the scene and captured 843 of the landing troops, forcing the remaining Neapolitans to re-embark and return home. in wikipedia

27 Sep 1810 Battle of Bussaco ▲

In July–August 1810 Marshal André Masséna’s French army besieged and captured Almeida, opening up the road for the third French invasion of Portugal. To delay the 65,000-strong invading force while work was being completed on the Lines of Torres Vedras, Wellington blocked them in the heights of Bussaco with 50,000 Anglo-Portuguese troops. On 27 September Wellington successfully repulsed Masséna—inflicting 4,500 casualties for just 1,250—but the French outflanked the Allies the following day, forcing them to withdraw towards Lisbon. in wikipedia

11 Oct 1810–6 Mar 1811 Lines of Torres Vedras ▲

By late 1809 Arthur Wellesley, Viscount of Wellington, realized that the French now heavily outnumbered his Anglo-Portuguese Army in the Iberian Peninsula and in November began the construction of a series of three progressively more powerful fortified lines—the Lines of Torres Vedras—to defend Lisbon (with a fourth line guarding the city via the mouth of the Tagus). Marshal Masséna’s advancing 61,000-strong French army reached these fortifications, now completed, in October 1810 and seized control of the fort of Sobral de Mote Agraço, part of the first of the three lines. When Masséna’s next assault on the lines was repelled at the Battle of Sobral, he decided that further efforts were pointless and, after attempting to wait the Allies out for almost four months, withdrew. in wikipedia

12 Nov 1810 Annexation of Rhodanic Republic ▲

The Rhodanic Republic (Valais) in the Swiss Alps contained the vital Simplon Pass between France and Italy, but was riven by corruption as well as agitation between conservative and revolutionary factions. Fed up with the situation, Napoleon annexed the republic to the French Empire in November 1810. in wikipedia

17 Nov 1810–18 Jul 1812 Anglo-Swedish War ▲

Despite joining the Continental System in January 1810, the Swedish government did little to stop the smuggling of British goods into its country. By November, Napoleon had had enough and demanded that Sweden declare war on Britain or face war with the French Empire. Sweden complied and until July 1812 was officially at war with Britain, although in this time it would take no serious military measures against Britain and would even allow the British to occupy the island of Hanö to facilitate continued trade. in wikipedia

13 Dec 1810 Annexation of the Hanse ▲

In December 1810, in response to increasing British maritime trade in the Baltic in defiance of the Continental System, the French Senate ordered the annexation of the northern German ports, including the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck, as well as large parts of the Grand Duchy of Berg and the Kingdom of Westphalia. Also annexed was the Duchy of Oldenburg, connected to the Russian monarchy by the marriage of Duke George to the Tsar’s sister. This greatly antagonized the Russians, who retaliated by beginning to favor British imports over their continental rivals. in wikipedia

1810 1810s Arenberg Berg Bremen December December 13 European history France Hamburg Hanover Lubeck maps Naples Napoleon Oldenburg Portugal Sicily Spain Sweden Switzerland Two Sicilies United Kingdom Valais Westphalia

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