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Europe 1848
Year of Revolution Begins
By 1848, Europe was already experiencing considerable social tension, in good part due to the rise of industrialization but also ...
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Europe 1848
German Question
The call for German unification had led to nationalists congregating in Frankfurt to establish a national assembly and work on ...
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Europe 1848
June Days
The apparent success of the European revolutions belied the divisions between the city-based reformers, who desired everything from moderate reforms ...
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Europe 1848
Vienna Uprising
Having imposed peace on the Sardinians, Austria now turned to crush the revolution in Hungary - even though that country was ...
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Europe 1848
Rise of Napoleon III
In France, the new republic held the first French presidential election. The winner was Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon I ...
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Europe 1849
Battle of Novara
Revolutionary feeling was still strong in the Italian states, prompting the Pope to flee Rome in November and leading to ...
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Europe 1849
Alliance of the Three Kings
Prussia responded swiftly to the uprisings in Germany, crushing rebellions in Saxony and the Prussian Rhineland. With its supporters cowed ...
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Europe 1860
Annexation of the Two Sicilies
Having won over the island of Sicily, Garibaldi embarked for the mainland. Facing little resistance he entered the capital of ...
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Europe 1861
Kingdom of Italy
The conquest of the Two Sicilies left the Kingdom of Sardinia in control of the entire Italian peninsula except for ...