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the Arctic 1825
Anglo-Russian Convention
Britain and the United States followed their 1818 treaty by defining their boundaries with Spain and Russia. The Spanish, with ...
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the Arctic 1859
Amur Acquisition
Russian expeditions and settlers had been infiltrating China's Amur region since the late 1840s. After the Crimean War exposed ...
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North America 1870
Rupert's Land Act
Canada quickly expanded as Britain began to transfer its other North American possessions to the dominion. First up were Rupert ...
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the Arctic 1870
Rupert's Land Act
The threat posed by the Alaska Purchase helped encourage the British to assent to the creation of a united, self-governing ...
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the Arctic 1875
Treaty of Saint Petersburg
While the Canadians were expanding westward across their new territories, Russian and Japanese settlers were coming into conflict in Sakhalin ...
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North America 1876
Great Sioux War
In 1874, gold was discovered in the Black Hills, part of the Great Sioux Reservation. When attempts by the US ...
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the Arctic 1882
First International Polar Year
By the 1870s polar exploration was becoming increasingly nationalistic, but some realized that a coordinated approach involving multiple simultaneous expeditions ...
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the Arctic 1892
Opening up Greenland
For more than a century, Denmark's Royal Greenland Trading Company (KGH) had administered Greenland in a strict monopoly which ...
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the Arctic 1898
Klondike Gold Rush
On August 16, 1896, gold was discovered on the Yukon River, in the Klondike region of Canada's North-West Territories ...
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the Arctic 1905
Norwegian Independence
After more than ninety years of personal union, Norway split from Sweden in 1905. Despite initial tensions, war was averted ...
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North America 1907
Nicaragua-Honduras War
Central American instability came to a head in 1907, when Nicaragua invaded and occupied Honduras. Fed up with the endless ...
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North America 1907
Great White Fleet
In 1902-03, Britain, Germany and Italy had blockaded Venezuela when it refused to repay its foreign debts. In response, US ...
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the Arctic 1909
Race to the North Pole
In 1909 American explorer Robert Peary claimed to be the first to reach the North Pole. Although modern research suggests ...
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North America 1914
Banana Wars
Political instability in the Caribbean and Central America continued into the 1910s, prompting further US military interventions as it sought ...
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the Arctic 1932
Erik the Red's Land
In return for Denmark abandoning any claims on Svalbard, Norway had agreed to recognize Danish sovereignty over Greenland. However, northeast ...
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the Arctic 1977
Nuclear Standoff
In 1949, the Soviet Union tested its first nuclear device, leading to an arms and technology race with the US ...
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the Arctic 2015
Climate Change
The Cold War came to a swift end in the late 1980s with the collapse of the Soviet bloc. However ...