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Europe 1848
March Revolutions
The success of the French and Italian revolutions helped inspire uprisings across the German Confederation, with nationalists calling for a ...
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Europe 1850
Humiliation of Olmütz
The Erfurt Union did not last long. In autumn the Electorate of Hesse, which formed the crucial bridge between Prussia ...
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Europe 1878
Aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War
The Russian victory over Turkey alarmed the other Great Powers. At the Congress of Berlin, they overruled San Stefano. Russian ...
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Europe 1884
Scramble for Africa
In 1881 France alarmed Italy by seizing Tunisia. The next year Britain occupied Egypt, infuriating France - which had built and ...
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Europe 1919
January Revolt in Germany
Following the 1918 armistice with Germany, American, Belgian, British, and French troops moved into the German Rhineland. Meanwhile the Workers ...
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Russia 1945
Battle of Berlin
In April, the Soviets surrounded and attacked Berlin. On the 30th, Adolf Hitler committed suicide and by May 2, resistance ...
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Europe 1945
Fall of Berlin
By now it was all over for Nazi Germany. With the overwhelming military might of the Allies advancing on all ...
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the Arctic 1945
German Surrender
While the Germans were withdrawing from Finland, the Soviets attacked in northern Scandinavia, capturing Petsamo (Finland) and Kirkenes (Norway) and ...
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Europe 1945
German Surrender
The unconditional surrender of Germany on May 8 marked the end of the War in Europe. The cost had been ...
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Europe 1945
Division of Germany
With the Nazis defeated, the four Allied powers - Britain, France, the US, and the Soviet Union - divided Germany into four ...
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Southern Asia 1945
Reconquest of Burma
In March and April 1945 the British advanced south into Japanese-occupied Burma, capturing Rangoon in an amphibious assault in early ...
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Sub-Saharan Africa 1945
End of World War II
The surrender of Germany and Japan in May and August 1945 brought an end to World War II. Africa ended ...
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South America 1948
Rio Pact
Following the end of World War II, suspicion and hostility grew between the United States and the Soviet Union. In ...
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Russia 1948
Berlin Blockade
As a result of the War, Germany had been divided into Allied zones of occupation. The German capital, Berlin, was ...
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Europe 1948
Berlin Airlift
From 1947, the Western Allies began to economically and politically merge their zones in Germany. In response, the Soviets cut ...
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North America 1949
North Atlantic Treaty
World War II left the United States and the Soviet Union as the dominant powers in Europe. Relations between the ...
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Europe 1949
NATO and the Two Germanys
On April 4, the United States and its European allies formed the NATO alliance to counter the Soviet Union. On ...
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Europe 1963
Berlin Wall
The coming of the 1960s saw the Cold War heating up, fueled by advances in missile technology. In 1961, another ...
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Russia 1963
Height of the Cold War
Although the Warsaw Pact was officially a defensive alliance, attempts to break with the Pact were crushed in Hungary (1956 ...
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Europe 1989
Fall of the Berlin Wall
By the 1980s, the Eastern Bloc had begun to fall dangerously behind the West both economically and technologically. To address ...