Sep 1821–Jul 1823Persians defeatOttomans in two year war
Sep 1821Mexico declaresindependence from Spain
Jan 1822–May 1825Brazil gainsindependencefrom Portugal
Mar–Jul 1822Ottomans massacreGreeks on Chios
May 1822–May 1828Egypt suppressesCretan revolution
Oct–Dec 1822Continental powersagree to Frenchintervention in Spain
?? 1823–?? 1824Saudis regaincontrol in Nejd
7 Apr–9 Nov 1823French invade Spainin support of monarchy
