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the Arctic 1818
Treaty of 1818
Fighting between Britain and the United States came to an end in 1815, with the Allies defeating Napoleon later that ...
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Europe 1848
Truce of Malmö
In Northern Europe, international pressure persuaded Prussia and Denmark to bring an end to the First Schleswig War and sign ...
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the Arctic 1882
First International Polar Year
By the 1870s polar exploration was becoming increasingly nationalistic, but some realized that a coordinated approach involving multiple simultaneous expeditions ...
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the Arctic 1892
Opening up Greenland
For more than a century, Denmark's Royal Greenland Trading Company (KGH) had administered Greenland in a strict monopoly which ...
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the Arctic 1898
Klondike Gold Rush
On August 16, 1896, gold was discovered on the Yukon River, in the Klondike region of Canada's North-West Territories ...
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the Arctic 1905
Norwegian Independence
After more than ninety years of personal union, Norway split from Sweden in 1905. Despite initial tensions, war was averted ...
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Russia 1905
1905 Revolution
Dissatisfaction with the Tsarist government and its handling of the war with Japan resulted in unrest across Russia. Desperate for ...
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Europe 1906
Tangier Crisis
Germany viewed the Entente Cordiale as a threat and tried to exploit the tensions caused by the war between Russia ...
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the Arctic 1920
Far Eastern Republic
The Great War ended in November 1918 with an armistice with Germany, encouraging most of the Allies to also end ...
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the Arctic 1921
Wrangel Island Fiasco
While Soviet Russia faced off against the Japanese in the Far East, the Canadian explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson led an expedition ...
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the Arctic 1926
Arctic Flights
Following its peace with the Soviet Union, Japan ratified the Spitsbergen Treaty, the last of the original signatories to do ...
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the Arctic 1932
Erik the Red's Land
In return for Denmark abandoning any claims on Svalbard, Norway had agreed to recognize Danish sovereignty over Greenland. However, northeast ...
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the Arctic 1939
Outbreak of World War II
While Norway and Denmark were disputing ownership of Eastern Greenland, Japan invaded Manchuria and Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. By ...
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the Arctic 1940
Invasion of Denmark and Norway
Germany had agreed to a partition of Eastern Europe with the Soviet Union, giving the Soviets leeway to attack Finland ...
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Europe 1940
Invasion of Denmark and Norway
For over six months after the invasion of Poland, no major land fighting occurred in the West - leading to claims ...
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the Arctic 1940
Invasion of Iceland
When the Danish government capitulated, Iceland assumed full control over its own affairs. Despite this, and Icelandic insistence on neutrality ...
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Russia 1940
Nazi-Soviet Honeymoon
In sharp contrast to the lackluster performance of the Soviets in Finland, the Germans scored success after success in their ...
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the Arctic 1941
Greenland Protectorate
Concerned about the possibility of a British/Canadian invasion of Greenland, the United States and the Greenlandic government quickly established ...
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the Arctic 1941
Operation Silver Fox
On June 22, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, with Finland joining in a few days later. In the Arctic, German ...
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the Arctic 1941
Attack on Pearl Harbor
By late 1941, the still neutral United States was firmly behind the Allied war effort and even allowing US destroyers ...